Methods of Data Collection

Methods of Data Collection 1. INTRODUCTION This report consists of how data are collected and what are the methods to collect data for research. To improve a research better one or for more learning of particular thing which is to be analyzed. In this report a brief study of method of collecting data by primary data and secondary data with their classifications will be observed. 2. Methods of collecting primary data OBSERVATION QUESTIONNAIRE SEMI-STRUCTURED AND IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW. 2.1 OBSERVATION Observation means finding what people do, what they need, etc†¦ It combines of recording, describing, analysis and interpretation of people behavior. Observation are two different types, PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION. In participant observation researcher will involve with subject activities and live and being a member of group. E.g. .all documentary films are all of this kind. This type roles are: Complete participant Complete observer Observer as participant Participant as observer. Graphical representation of participant observation researcher roles Participant as observer complete participant Observer as participant complete observer STRUCTURED OBSERVATION. As the heading its self describes about what kind of observation are done in it. It’s a structured way of dealing data collection method, which involves in high level of predetermined structured .It form only some part of data collection. Ex: A daily attendance sheet, planning sheet. 2.2 SEMI STRUCTURED AND IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWS It involves in interviewing a person or on group. Where interview are classified into structured, semi-structured, unstructured interviews. In structured interviews a format of question are followed for some particular criteria to be handled, which consists of standard questions. For semi-structured interviews it is based on optioning the customer to select their preferred section of questions. Whereas unstructured interviews deals with in depth involvement in a particular or interested area. Interviews are done by face to face and group interviews. Face to face interviews can figure out a person behavior, but group interview show how groups are mingled together and how they differ one another. HOW CAN THESE TYPE OF INTERVIEWS ARE USEFUL IN RESEARCH 2.3 QUESTIONNARIE It is a general way of collecting data, in which person is asked to answer for same set of questions in order. It is very easy to ask question for some study or research. Most of the research use questionnaire as their weapon for collecting information. This can be involved in individual level so sampling size also be larger one. An interesting one in questionnaire is modes of responding to it. Telephonic survey. Mail (postal) survey. E-mail survey. QUESTIONNARIE SELECTION CHART 2.3.1 Telephonic survey It is a common method followed where researcher and respondent are unknown. So limited data are collected from this method. Due to limitations it restrict questionnaire format to smaller one. Question must be easier for respondent to answer quickly. Question must not be longer one which consume more time. To handle this survey a trained person must be interviewing. Answers to question can be entered directly on an excel-sheet to save time. 2.3.2 Mail (postal) survey It is average form of survey where respondent and questionnaire cannot contact directly and without any interaction. Questioner should be preplanned about design and structure of question to be framed in such a way that respondent could answer it without neglecting any question. Questions must be in an order like easy, average, difficult, which can earn a valuable survey. Time are more valued in surveys. 2.3.3 E-mail survey E-mail survey are most popular survey where people are gather through internet. It can be performed in two way by e-mailing or using online survey. Just as mail an e-mail can be sent to respondent for answering but they may not reply for it, due to some reasons. Online survey are better because they answer then and there so data are collected faster than mailing. Today html pages are used to frame survey questions. And exciting one for survey is Google forms which are much useful for researcher to get job done. 3. METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA Collecting secondary data involves in finding publications, project and research reports, ERP/data warehouse and mining, internet/web for your necessary of research details. 3.1 PUBLICATIONS It refers to printed media like newspapers, textbooks, magazines, journals and reports. These are otherwise known as reference material, which contains wide source of data. Researchers follow secondary data as their first priority than primary data because it will lead them to a proper or complete view of research for their respective topics. As every publications have topic specified to itself, researchers can find easily the source of topic in a systematic manner. To search these publications proper guide lines also required. 3.2 ERP/DATAWAREHOUSES AND MINING For every organization ERP are implemented to gather information about finance, commercial, accounts, production, marketing, RD etc†¦ How do ERP helps in research, since it has data stored day by day, months and yearly basis to compute as integrated one. Researcher of different phenomenon can easily track those information by authorized person of such organization for their data collection. ERP has different sectors combined for example if a researcher form financial sector comes to verify how organization development in that particular sector, he/she can collect information from ERP. Mostly these data are considered as primary data. Data warehouses are secondary data, where large amount of data are stored. These data cannot be analyzed manually. So software for analyzing it is Data Mining Software, this will segregate all kinds of data and use statistical techniques to analyze data. Some techniques used by this software are variance analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis, etc. It is a statistical and information technologies software. To create these software so of vendors of it are, excel miner, SPSS, SAS and SYSSTAT. Data mining is automated process where some features are selected by user. 3.3 Internet/web Most basic way collecting secondary data is to search through web. As we know internet search topic and words related thing easily and fast where surplus amount of data are founded in thousands of websites all over the world. It includes all e-textbooks, journals, government reports. To search our results through internet search are provided those are GOOGLE, YAHOO, etc. all these search engines can show several sites but one must choose correct data related to topic of research involves. Most popular website for collecting data are Wikipedia for researcher, where note of particular topic are gives with reference site to get detailed study about research topics. SOME OF THE IMPORTANT WEBSITES 4. conclusion From the given information we know about what are primary data and secondary data and how to collect those data from various resources. Research must be valuable one so data collection must be done enormously to predict correct result of analysis. Secondary data can be added in research reports but there must be some data which show your involvement in research process. Research is an endless process because as time changes strategy of reports containing details also vary due to respondent are not same in nature. A research about a topic gives overview, detailed and explanation according to research types. At last collection of data are most important for research because it act as proof or evidence of your valuable reports. Table of Contents PG NO INTRODUCTION 1 METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA 1 OBSERVATION 1 2.1.1 PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION 2.1.2 STRUCTURED OBSERVATION 2 2.2 SEMI STRUCTURED AND INDEPTH INTERVIEWS 3 2.3 QUESTIONNARIE 4 2.3.1 TELEPHONIC SURVEY 5 2.3.2 POSTAL SURVEY 5 2.3.3 E-MAIL SURVEY 5 METHODS OF COLLECTING SECONDARY DATA 6 PUBLICATIONS 6 ERP/DATA WAREHOUSES AND MINING 6 INTERNET/WEB 7 CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES PEARSON EDUCATION/ THIRD EDITION/ RESEARCH METHODS FOR BUSINESS STUDENTS/ Mark Saunders/Philip Lewis/Adrian Thorn hill SAGE PUBLICATIONS/ESSENTIALS OF BUSINESS RESEARCH/ Jonathan Wilson. TATA McGraw HILL/STATISTICS FOR MANAGEMENT/ G.C.BERI.

Canadian Identity Essay Essay

Canada is known worldwide for our people’s resilience to nature, our acceptance of many different cultures, our universal healthcare, and our contributions to world peace. I believe for these reasons Canada is one of the greatest nations on Earth. Firstly, Canadian citizens are among the hardiest people on earth when it comes to resisting Mother Nature. Canada is battered each year with ice storms, hurricanes’ and windstorms, yet we Canadians grit our teeth and fight through it. This treacherous weather helps bring Canada together, and unite us when things are at their worst. For example, during the 2013-2014 ice storms many parts of Ontario where left without power for days, yet out of this horrible tragedy, Canadians banded together and helped each other out, lending each other generators and supplies to help get through this hard time together as a nation. Canada is also ranked as the second coldest country on earth, with an average annual temperature of -3.6 degrees (Anand) with an annual temperature below freezing Canada is well suited for winter sports like skiing and snowmobiling. The most Northerly settlement on earth is Alert, Nunavut, Alert is a Canadian Military and research base on the Northern Tip of Ellesmere Island, the lowest recorded temperature in Alert was -64 degrees Celsius, that’s the same temperature as the surface of Mars!(CFS Alert). It’s this extreme weather that allows us Canadians to grow tough, unite together against winter, and succeed at sports like skiing and hockey. Secondly, Canada is one of the best countries in the world to immigrate to. Canada is very multicultural and accepts cultures from all over the world. Whether you are immigrating from Ethiopia or Korea you will most likely find a small part of your culture somewhere in Canada. Canada has been inhabited by immigrants ever since 1604 when French explorers settled in the Maritimes (Facts in Canada’s Immigration History). Also 23% of Canadian citizens are born outside of our Country, the highest amount out of all the G8 countries (Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada). Canada is unique because in over 100 different places minority groups are actually the  majority. For example, Brampton Ontario has a population of 523,000 (Demographic Overview) and out of that number there are only 33,000 Irish citizens while there is 159,000 citizens from East India (Demographic Overview). Yet with all these different cultures in Canada, we all still feel united under the Canadian Flag and proud when we sing our National Anthem. Thirdly, Canada has a world renowned healthcare system, unlike countries like the US where you have to pay to go to the hospital; Canada covers the cost of most medical bills for you. The idea for Medicare in Canada first came in 1947 when the Saskatchewan Government released their first hospital insurance plan (The History of Medicare), initially most Doctors and other medical professionals despised this â€Å"Medicare System† because they worried they were going to make less money than if the medical system was privatized , slowly but surely the idea of universal healthcare grew and in the 1960’s Pearson’s minority government created National Medical Care system; were the government pays 50% of medical costs (The History of Medicare). Today, Canada’s healthcare system is an interesting mix of both public finding and the private sector. Canada is ranked 30th in the world for its healthcare system, while the United States is ranked 72nd. As a Canadian citi zen I feel safe knowing that if I ever get ill, I am covered without having to spend any money. Finally, Canada has been fighting for world peace ever since it joined the UN during its creation in 1945. It was actually Lester B. Pearson who suggested the idea of a UN lead peacekeeping force in 1956 (The Canadian Contribution to United Nations Peacekeeping). Canada’s first peacekeeping mission was done in 1949, in India and Pakistan. The mission was codenamed UNMOGIP, Canada’s job was to negotiate a ceasefire between Pakistan and India, in 1950, almost a year after the war started the UN negotiated a ceasefire with the help of Canadian Soldiers (Canada History). Canada has lost the 2nd most amounts of soldiers out of any UN country, and has lost the most soldiers per capita as well. Canadian peace keeping missions help shape the Canadian Identity because it shows the world that we care for other countries, and that even though our population is small we still  sacrifice a lot in the name of Peace. In Conclusion, I feel that Canada is an incredible nation, and I feel our contributions to world peace, our people’s resilience to the weather, our free healthcare system, and our multiculturalism are some of the main things that have helped make Canadians respected in the international community today.

Chemistry Mole Calculation Test Questions

Essay on The Gun Control Debate - 865 Words

I have a very strict gun control policy: if theres a gun around, I want to be in control of it. -- Clint Eastwood Gun control has a history dating back to 1791, when the Second Amendment of the Constitution was ratified. However, more recently, the debate over gun control has escalated into a much more public issue to which many citizens can relate. After all, stories about incidents involving guns appear frequently today in newspapers and on television or the radio. One could say that the debate started with the passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968, which banned ownership of guns by certain groups of people and regulated the sale of guns. Since then, two main groups have gradually appeared: people who oppose strict federal†¦show more content†¦Since 1991, the violent crime rate has decreased 38 percent.2 Supporters of restricting gun ownership argue exactly the opposite; they feel that if more people were to have guns, there would be more violent crime incidents and more accidents involving guns, especially among children and teens. More people in the United States die in a gun-related occurrence than in any other country, and gun attacks are five times more likely to cause death than attacks involving a knife.3 Those people who want more restricting laws have good reason to do so, because they want to protect themselves and the people they know from harm. On both sides of this issue, people feel that their ideas are the ones that will keep them from harm. Unfortunately, their ideas differ so greatly (gun ownership versus no ownership) that the issue is hotly debated today. 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